Nga tatai
Te Whakawhitinga o nga whenua o Ngai Tahu
B. Ka hainatia Te Tiriti o Waitangi e Ngai Tahu i te tau 1840 ki Akaroa (30 o nga ra o Matahi)), ki te motu o Ruapuke (9,10 o nga ra o Maruaroa), me Otakou hoki (13 o nga ra o Maruaroa). Ko Ngai Tahu te tangata whenua o te rohe i whakapuakitia anotia e Te Ture o Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu 1996i taua wa, a, tae noa ki tenei wa. I roto i nga tau o muri mai o te hainatanga o Te Tiriti o Waitangi ka whai nga mokai a te Karauna kia whakawhitia atu e Ngai Tahu o ratou whenua ki te Karauna. Na nga hoko nunui tekau katoa aua hoko — i oti atu ai nga whenua o Ngai Tahu ki te Karauna, ara: Otakau 1844, Canterbury (ta Kemp) 1848, Port Cooper 1849, Port Levy 1849, Murihiku 1853, Akaroa 1856, North Canterbury 1857, Kaikoura 1859, Arahura 1860, me Rakiura 1864. Nga ingoa o nga kaihaina o Ngai Tahu i nga pukapuka a-herenga kei roto i te Rarangi Tapiri Tuarua ara he mea tuhi ki roto i te Tapiri Tuarua o te Ripoata a Te Ropu Whakamama i te Tiriti mo Ngai Tahu i te tau 1991.
Te Roanga o te tatari a Ngai Tahu kia arotia mai a ratou whakamau
C. Mai ra ano a Ngai Tahu e rangahau ana i te “Kereme”
mo te huhunu o nga mahi a te Karauna ara, mo te kore a te Karauna e whai whakaaro ki nga tohutohu o roto i nga pukapuka a-herenga i roto i a ratou hokonga mai i nga whenua o Ngai Tahu. Ko nga tangata rongonui na ratou i kawe te “Kereme”
mai ra ano ko Matiaha Tiramorehu, Hori Kerei Taiaroa, Tiemi Hipi, Tipene O'Regan, Henare Rakiihia Tau, me a ratou whanau:
D. Na te tukunga iho o nga mahi tautohe me nga tono a Ngai Tahu (ko etahi o aua tono i timatatia mai i roto i nga tau 1840), katahi ka tirotirohia e nga kaiwhakakahaere a te Karauna. Ko etahi o aua kaiwhakahaere i whakahawea noa iho ki nga take i tirohia e rarou, engari ko etahi i ata wherawhera i nga take ka kitea e ratou te tika o nga whakamau a Ngai Tahu. E whakaae ana te Karauna tera, kaore ia i aro atu ki aua whakamau, otira, kaore ia i whakatau i te “Kereme”
o Ngai Tahu. Ko te ture i whakaritea i te tau 1944 ko te Ngaitahu Claim Settlement Act kaore rawa i korerotia i waenganui i nga iwi i mua o te whakaturenga, engari kaore i purua nga tono a te iwi ki te Karauna:
Tono i raro i te Ture o Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1975
E. I roto i nga whakaturenga o te ture apiti 1985 o Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ka whakawateatia mai e te Karauna he huanui e ahei ai te Maori ki te mau atu i a ratou take uaua ko mua i Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti mo nga whakamau puri mahara i putake mai i te ra o te hainatanga o Te Tiriti o Waitangi, 1840:
F. I te 26 o nga ra o Wha, 1986 ka whakatakototia e Henare Rakiihia Tau raua ko Te Poari Maori o Ngai Tahu—te reo o te iwi o Ngai Tahu—ta ratou take ki mua i Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti. Ko Tipene O'Regan te tumuaki o te Poari. No muri iho ka ata whakamaramatia nga ahuatanga o taua take ki roto i nga apiti:
H. I te tuatahi o nga ra o Kahuru 1991, ka puta te ripoata a Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti e whakaatu ana i nga tino kaupapa o te take o Ngai Tahu i ata mohiotia nei ko nga “Rakau Teitei e Iwa”
o nga whakamau a Ngai Tahu, na, i te 6 o nga ra o Rima 1991, ka puta ano he ripoata e tutohu ana tera me hanga he ture kia taea ai e Ngai Tahu te whakarite i tetahi runanganui-a-iwi hei kanohi mo ratou, ara, mo Ngai Tahu Whanui:
I. I te 6 o nga ra o Wha 1992, ka puta te ripoata a Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti mo te take o Te He-Ika o Ngai Tahu, a, ka kitea “Neke atu ki tetahi rau tau, i whakararurarutia a Ngai Tahu e te roa o te kore whai tohutohu i roto i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tae mai ki te wa o te whakaturetanga me te whakakaupapatanga o te Quota Management System”
. No muri iho i whakatauria aua take ki nga whakataunga i roto i te Maori Fisheries Act 1989, te whakaaetanga a-pukapuka i waenganui i a te iwi Maori me te Karauna i te 23 o nga ra o te Rima 1992, me te Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992:
Ko nga whiriwhiringa a Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti: Nga Rakau Teitei e Iwa
K. I roto i nga whiriwhiringa a Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti i nga take o Ngai Tahu ka kitea te tika o te nuinga o aua take, otira, nga take i pa atu ki nga “Rakau Teitei e Iwa”
me nga wahanga tapiringa. Ka mahara Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, mai ra ano kaore rawa i a te Karauna i ngakau pono ki ona whakaaetanga, i roto i Te Tiriti, i a Ngai Tahu. Ka mahara hoki Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, i te aponga a te Karauna i nga whenua o Ngai Tahu—34.5 miriona eka mo te iti noa iho o te utu, £14,750—i takakino taruaruatia e ia te kaupapa oritenga o Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ka whakataua e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, na aua takakino a te Karauna i poharatia ai a Ngai Tahu i o ratou whenua, i kore ai ratou i whai oranga rite atu ki nga ahuatanga i mua i te aponga a te Karauna i o ratou whenua:
L. Ka tohua e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti i roto i a ratou whiriwhiringa, te ahua me nui o te utu a te Karauna mo ana haranga ki a Ngai Tahu. Ka whakaarotia e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti me whakahoki atu e te Karauna kia rawaka he whenua mo Ngai Tahu kia whai oranga ai ratou i nga hua whenua me tenei whakatupuranga atu ki nga uri kei te heke iho:
Ka kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, i raro i nga ahuatanga i whakaaetia i te wa o te hokonga a te Karauna i Otakou kaore ia te Karauna, i ngakau pono ki aua ahuatanga, tera, kaore i tapiritia atu e ia he whenua hei hui atu ki tera i rahuitia mo Ngai Tahu. Ka whakaarotia e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti mehemea pea i hanga he ture e te Karauna e taea ai e ia te takoha whenua “te kau o rau”
ki a Ngai Tahu, ka ea pea tetahi wahanga o ona hara:
Nga Pakihi Whakatekateka o Waitaha
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi, tera te Karauna i tana hokonga i nga whenua o Ngai Tahu, ara, i Nga Pakihi Whakatekateka o Waitaha, kaore i orite nga whiriwhiringa kaore i tutuki nga hinonga mo te rahui kia rawaka he wahi mahinga kai ma Ngai Tahu mo naianei, a, mo nga ra hoki kei te heke iho. Kaore i wehea ake e te Karauna nga whenua, i tonoa e Ngai Tahu i te takiwa mai i te awa o Waimakariri atu ki te awa o Kawari. I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i runga i enei takakino, i tino he te Karauna ki mua i a Ngai Tahu:
Horomaka
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, i tukua e te Karauna 30,000 eka ki te Nanto-Bordelaise Company i Horomaka tera, kaore a Ngai Tahu i whakaae ki te tuku i te katoa o aua whenua. I roto i nga tikanga kuare a te Karauna kaore a Ngai Tabu i utua mo aua whenua, kaore hoki i tika nga whakarite mo nga whenua i Whakaraupo me Koukourarata. Tena atu ano etahi o nga he o te Karauna i kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti, ara, ko te kore o te Karauna i whakaae ki te rahui i etahi whenua i tonoa e Ngai Tahu i Okeina me Whakaroi. I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti tera, kua hokona ketia nga whenua i Horomaka e te Karauna i mua o te hokonga mai o aua whenua i a Ngai Tahu, kore rawa i whakaaro eke i mahara ranei ki te wehe eke i etahi whenua mo nga uri whakatupu o Ngai Tahu:
Murihiku
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i te hokonga mai a te Karauna i Murihiku kaore i wehea ake nga whenua i tonoa e Ngai Tahu kia rahuitia, kaore i tohua he aronga atu ki nga wahi mahinga kai, kaore i wehea kia rawaka he whenua hei whai oranga mo Ngai Tahu mo naianei, a, atu hoki mo nga uri whakatupu. I kitea ano e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i roto i aua mahi he, i roto hoki i nga heanga o muri mai, ara, i te korenga o nga ture Middle Island Half-Caste Crown Grants Act 1877 me South Island Landless Natives Act 1906 i whakaarahia hei whakatika i aua he, i tino hare te Karauna ki a Ngai Tahu:
North Canterbury me Kaikoura
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i tino whakararurarutia e te Karauna nga panga me te rangatiratanga o Ngai Tahu ki one whenua i North Canterbury me Kaikoura i te he o nga mahi hoko whenua mai a te Karauna pera i te hokonga mai o nga whenua o Wairau 1847, a, i te hokonga atu hoki o nga whenua o Ngai Tahu kaore ra ano kia whakaaetia kia hotona. I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, kaore i orite nga mahi a te Karauna i te wa o te whakaritenga o nga hoko o nga whenua o Ngai Tabu o muri mai, kaore i rawaka nga whenua i rahuitia i North Canterbury me Kaikoura hei whai oranga mo Ngai Tahu mo naianei, a, atu hoki mo nga uri whakatupu:
Arahura
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, kaore i orite nga whakaritenga mo nga whenua i Arahura, kaore i wehea ake nga whenua i taunahatia e Ngai Tahu mo ratou, kaore i wehea ake he ara hei huarahi atu ki a ratou wahi mahinga kai. I kitea tera kaore i whakamarumarutia e te Karauna te tika o Ngai Tahu ki te pupuri motuhake i tona mana ki te katoa o a ratou papa pounamu. I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi te huakore o nga mahi a te Karauna tera kaore i aro ake ki nga hiahia o Ngai Tahu i te wa o te whakatakotoranga o nga tikanga mo nga rihi mutunga-kore ki runga i nga whenua rahui o Ngai Tahu:
Rakiura
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i whakawhitiria a Ngai Tahu i te takaroa o te Karauna ki te whakatakoto i nga ahuatanga mo te hoko o Rakiura, ka huakore noa o ana mahi kaore i ata pono te tiaki i nga panga o nga Maori:
Mahinga Kai
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera, i te hokonga mai a te Karauna i nga whenua o Ngai Tahu kaore i hua he ahuatanga e whai huarahi atu ai te iwi ki a ratou mara kai me nga moana mahinga tuna ara, a Te Waihora me Wairewa:
Nga Kura me nga Hohipera
I kitea e Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi tera he tinihanga noa iho nga ki taurangi a te Karauna i mea ai ia ka whakaratoa e ia nga tumanako a Ngai Tahu, ara, ka mahia e te Karauna he kura, he hohipera ma Ngai Tahu, ka kitea tera, he poapoa ke na te Karauna kia hokona atu ai e Ngai Tabu te Kemp Block me Murihiku, tera, na te puturituri o te Karauna ki te whakarato i aua painga i whakawhitiria a Ngai Tahu:
Nga Whakaritenga i waenga i a Ngai Tahu raua ko te Karauna
O. E whakaae ana te Karauna ki te wero a Te Ropu Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi i puta i roto i ta ratou ripoata, na, te tukunga iho o taua whakaaetanga, Rima 1991, ka whaia e raua ko Ngai Tahu he ahuatanga e taea ai te whakatau i nga amuamu a Ngai Tahu:
Q. I muri mai o te whakaturenga o Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu Act 1996, ka whakaaetia i roto i taua ture tera, ko Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu te kaiwhakahaere o nga take katoa e pa ana ki a Ngai Tahu Whanui i raro i te wahanga o taua ture:
R. I te tau 1996, ka whakaritea e te Karauna raua ko Ngai Tahu i roto i te ngakau pono, he ahuatanga e taea ai te whakatau, a mutu atu, nga kereme a Ngai Tahu mai ra ano, kia mutu ai nga hikanga a Ngai Tahu:
whakaae te Karauna ki te whakarato i etahi puretumu ki Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu i runga i te kaupapa “mo nga nama”
hei tohu i te ngakau pono o te Karauna:
T. I te 5 o nga ra o Ono 1996, ka whakaritea e te Karauna raua ko Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu he Upoko Whakaaetanga a-pukapuka, kia whakatakototia nga kaupapa i whakaaetia e raua tahi, he pai ki whakaruru atu ai ki roto i tetahi whakaaetanga a-pukapuka kia taea ai te whakataunga o nga take o Ngai Tahu, a, i roto i te ngakau pono kia whakarite ai i te Whakaaetanga a-pukapuka. Kaore he mea kei roto i taua Upoko Whakaaetanga a-pukapuka ki a herea a Ngai Tahu, te Karauna ranei:
Whakamutunga o nga Kereme
U. I te 21 o nga ra o Whitu 1997, ka whakaritea e te Karauna raua ko Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu te Whakaaetanga-a-pukapuka mo Ngai Tahu. Kei roto i taua pukapuka i whaki ai te Karauna mo ana tukino i waimaero ai a Ngai Tahu ki te whai oranga tinana, oranga wairua, a, i whakaatu hoki i nga take e taea ai te whakamana te whakataunga o te katoa o nga kereme o Ngai Tahu mai ra ano:
The threads of time
Transfer of Ngai Tahu Lands
B. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed by Ngai Tahu in 1840 at Akaroa (May 30), Ruapuke Island (June 9, 10), and Otakou (June 13). Ngai Tahu is today, and was at the time of the signing of the Treaty, the tangata whenua within the boundaries already confirmed in Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu Act 1996. In the years following the signing of the Treaty, the Crown, through its representatives and agents, sought the transfer of land from the Ngai Tahu people to the Crown. This was achieved through 10 major purchases: Otakou 1844, Canterbury (Kemp's) 1848, Port Cooper 1849, Port Levy 1849, Murihiku 1853, Akaroa 1856, North Canterbury 1857, Kaikoura 1859, Arahura 1860, and Rakiura 1864. The Ngai Tahu signatories to these deeds, as recorded in Appendix 2 of the Waitangi Tribunal's Ngai Tahu Report 1991, are listed in Schedule 2:
Ngai Tahu have long sought to have their grievances redressed
C. From an early date, Ngai Tahu has pursued claims against the Crown of unfair purchase practices and of breaches of the deeds of purchase. Matiaha Tiramorehu, Hori Kerei Taiaroa, Tiemi Hipi, Tipene O'Regan, and Henare Rakiihia Tau and their wives and families were most prominent in these claims:
D. As a result of Ngai Tahu petitions and protests, some dating back to the 1840s, Ngai Tahu's grievances have been considered by a number of inquiries. Some dismissed them after cursory investigation, but those which investigated in detail generally found validity in Ngai Tahu's complaints. However, the Crown accepts that Ngai Tahu's grievances were not remedied. In particular, the Ngaitahu Claim Settlement Act 1944 was enacted without prior consultation with the tribe and did not debar the tribe from further pursuing its claim:
Claim under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975
F. On 26 August 1986, a claim was submitted to the Waitangi Tribunal by Henare Rakiihia Tau and the Ngai Tahu Maori Trust Board, which represented the Ngai Tahu iwi and was chaired by Tipene O'Regan. That claim was subsequently elaborated upon by way of several amendments:
H. On 1 February 1991, the Waitangi Tribunal reported on the main elements of the Ngai Tahu claim, described collectively as the “Nine Tall Trees”
of Ngai Tahu's grievances, and on 6 September 1991 issued a supplementary report recommending the creation by statute of a representative tribal body for Ngai Tahu:
I. On 6 August 1992, the Waitangi Tribunal reported on the Ngai Tahu Sea Fisheries claim, finding that “Ngai Tahu has for more than a century been seriously prejudiced by long-standing breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi culminating in the enactment and implementation of the Quota Management System”
. Those claims were subsequently settled through the settlement embodied in the Maori Fisheries Act 1989, the Deed of Settlement dated 23 September 1992 between the Crown and Maori and the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992:
Findings of the Tribunal: the “Nine Tall Trees”
K. After considering the elements of the Ngai Tahu claim, the Waitangi Tribunal found substantially in Ngai Tahu's favour, both in relation to the elements referred to as the “Nine Tall Trees”
, and to the Ancillary Claims. In particular, the Tribunal could not reconcile the Crown's enduring failure to meet its obligations to Ngai Tahu with its duty to act towards its Treaty partner reasonably and with the utmost good faith. The Tribunal also emphasised that, in acquiring some 34.5 million acres of land from Ngai Tahu for £14,750, the Crown acted unconscionably and in repeated breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Tribunal considered that the Crown's actions left Ngai Tahu with insufficient land to maintain its way of life, and to enable the tribe's full participation in subsequent economic development:
The Tribunal found that the Crown was under a residual obligation to make further provision for Ngai Tahu, in addition to the reserves agreed upon during the purchase of the Otakou Block, and that the Crown failed to satisfy this obligation. The Tribunal considered that the Crown's obligation might have been satisfied by the creation of “Tenths”
, or by other adequate provision:
Canterbury
The Tribunal found that the Crown, in acquiring the Canterbury Block, failed to negotiate fairly, failed to meet its undertaking to reserve sufficient food resources for Ngai Tahu, and failed to meet its obligation to provide ample reserves for the existing and future needs of Ngai Tahu. The Crown did not set aside the area defined by the Waimakariri and Kawari Rivers, as requested by Ngai Tahu. The Tribunal found that, in so acting, and in its subsequent failure to remedy these faults, the Crown breached its duty to act with the utmost good faith towards Ngai Tahu:
Banks Peninsula
The Tribunal found that the Crown granted the Nanto-Bordelaise Company an interest in 30,000 acres of land on Banks Peninsula, that Ngai Tahu had not agreed to relinquish most of this land and was not compensated for its loss, and that the Crown used high-handed and unfair methods in its dealings with Ngai Tahu over the Port Cooper and Port Levy Blocks. Significant to the Tribunal's findings on the Port Levy Purchase was the Crown's refusal to make reserves, as requested by Ngai Tahu, at Okains Bay, Kaituna Valley and Pigeon Bay. The Tribunal further found that the Crown had dealt with land on Banks Peninsula before it had been lawfully acquired from Ngai Tahu and that the Crown failed to meet its obligation to provide ample reserves for the existing and future needs of Ngai Tahu:
Murihiku
The Tribunal found that the Crown, in purchasing the Murihiku Block, failed to set aside reserves that were requested by Ngai Tahu, failed to preserve for Ngai Tahu reasonable access to food resources, and failed to ensure that Ngai Tahu retained sufficient land for its existing and future needs. The Tribunal found that, in so acting, and in its subsequent failure to remedy these faults through the Middle Island Half-Caste Crown Grants Act 1877 and South Island Landless Natives Act 1906, the Crown breached its duty to act with the utmost good faith towards Ngai Tahu:
North Canterbury and Kaikoura
The Tribunal found that Ngai Tahu's interests and rangatiratanga in the North Canterbury and Kaikoura Blocks were gravely prejudiced by the Crown's transactions with other tribes, particularly in the Wairau Purchase of 1847, and by the Crown's disposal of land without Ngai Tahu's consent. It found that the Crown failed both to act fairly and honourably in negotiating for the subsequent purchase of Ngai Tahu's interests, and to provide sufficient reserves in the North Canterbury and Kaikoura Blocks for the existing and future needs of Ngai Tahu:
Arahura
The Tribunal found that the Crown did not act fairly in its negotiations for the Arahura Block, and that the Crown failed both to set aside certain areas that Ngai Tahu wished to retain, and to preserve for Ngai Tahu reasonable access to food resources. It found that the Crown failed to protect the right of Ngai Tahu to retain possession and control of all pounamu. The Tribunal also found that the Crown failed to respect Ngai Tahu's interests and wishes when enacting a system of perpetual leases over Ngai Tahu reserves:
Rakiura
The Tribunal found that Ngai Tahu was disadvantaged by the delay in implementing the terms of the Rakiura purchase, the Crown having failed in its duty actively to protect Maori interests:
Mahinga Kai
The Tribunal found that, when purchasing Ngai Tahu lands, the Crown failed to ensure that Ngai Tahu retained reasonable access to places where the tribe produced or procured food, and especially unimpeded access to Lakes Waihora and Wairewa:
Schools and Hospitals
The Tribunal found that the expectation of being provided with schools and hospitals was an inducement to Ngai Tahu in selling the Kemp and Murihiku Blocks, that the Crown failed to act promptly to provide these benefits, and that Ngai Tahu was disadvantaged by the delay in meeting its expectations:
Negotiations between Ngai Tahu and the Crown
O. The Crown accepted the thrust of the 1991 Waitangi Tribunal report, and, in consequence of that acceptance, in September 1991 the Crown and Ngai Tahu entered into negotiations to seek resolution of the Ngai Tahu grievances:
Q. Following the passing of the Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu Act 1996, Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu, as defined in that Act, is recognised for all purposes as the representative of Ngai Tahu Whanui pursuant to section 15 of that Act:
S. On 14 June 1996, the Crown and Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu entered into a Deed of “On Account”
Settlement, pursuant to which the Crown agreed to provide certain redress to Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu on an “on account”
basis as a sign of good faith and a demonstration of the Crown's goodwill:
T. On 5 October 1996, the Crown and Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu entered into a heads of agreement to record on a without prejudice basis the matters which they had agreed in principle should be contained in a deed of settlement to effect a settlement of Ngai Tahu's claims and their agreement to negotiate in good faith to settle the terms of the deed of settlement:
Settlement of Claim
U. On 21 November 1997, the Crown and Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu entered into the deed of settlement, in which the Crown acknowledged that Ngai Tahu suffered grave injustices which significantly impaired Ngai Tahu's economic, social and cultural development and which recorded the matters required to give effect to a settlement of all of Ngai Tahu's historical claims: